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Courage has always been a central virtue in the Western ethical tradition, but its meaning has changed considerably over time. In antiquity, courage signified fearlessness in the face of bodily injury and death, whether passively endured (like Socrates and Christ) or actively risked (like Achilles and Alexander the Great).Today, however, such "physical courage", as it is called, tends to be ...

A Genealogy of Criminal Risk Assessment in American Law and PolicyJonathan Simon (UC Berkeley, Professor of Criminal Justice Law)Algorithms – and the actors behind them – are surveying and impacting ever more dimensions of our modern lives. They recommend which movies to watch; they calculate risk-appropriate credit scores; and they play a role in meting out “just” punishment; to only name ...